What is OLTP Database: A Guide to Online Transaction Processing
Businesses need a database to store and manage their daily transactions. Online Transactional Processing systems are essential for handling payments, inventory updates, and customer records, which are examples of transactional data.
To centralize and process this data, they use OLTP. OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a type of database optimized for storing and processing high volumes of simple online transactions in real time.
OLTP systems can support concurrent users and maintain data integrity while minimizing the response time for any database changes.
In this article, we will explain what OLTP is, how it serves as a foundational system for modern companies, and the key differences between OLTP and OLAP solutions. We will examine common OLTP use cases and list best practices for organizations to implement effective OLTP systems.
What is OLTP?
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) is a type of database system designed to process a large number of short, interactive transactions in real-time.
Some common examples of OLTP systems include e-commerce websites processing customer orders, banking systems handling financial transactions, airline reservation systems managing flight bookings, and POS systems in retail stores facilitating sales and inventory updates.
Businesses use OLTP systems to manage a large volume of concurrent database transactions from large numbers of people without harming database consistency and accuracy. A database transaction is any change made in a database, like inserting or deleting.
OLTP databases are relational databases. They organize data in tables consisting of rows and columns. Data analysts use SQL queries to execute transactions for data manipulation.
OLTP Architecture
An OLTP system uses a 3-tier architecture:
- The presentation layer: This layer is the front end or user interface where transactions are generated.
- The logic layer: Also called the business logic or application layer, this layer processes transaction data based on predefined rules.
- The data or data store layer: This is where each transaction and related data are stored and indexed. It includes the database management system (DBMS) and the database server.
Each tier has its own infrastructure and updating intervals. They operate independently so that changes to one tier do not impact the others.
How do OLTP databases work behind the scenes?
The main function of OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is to take transactional data, process it, and then reflect new input after updating the database in the back end. OLTP systems are often based on a three-tier architecture that includes presentation, application, and data tiers. Typically, OLTP is managed with the help of a relational database management system. Relational databases are used because of their capability to handle large sets of queries and updates while supporting fast response times. OLTP also prevents multiple users from modifying the same data simultaneously through the use of concurrency control.
Key characteristics of OLTP
OLTP systems have four critical characteristics:
1. Fast query processing
OLTP systems are used for high-speed query processing. While primarily focused on transactional operations, they can also efficiently handle read-intensive tasks, ensuring that transactions are executed as soon as they are received, with little or no delay.
Data engineers measure the effectiveness of an OLTP system by the total number of database transactions that can be completed per second.
2. High concurrency
OLTP systems use algorithms that allow many concurrent users to perform transactions simultaneously. Each transaction is executed independently of the others and in the proper order.
Two users cannot change the same data within an OLTP database at the same time, which is crucial for maintaining data integrity.
3. ACID properties
To ensure data integrity, consistency, and reliability, OLTP transactions comply with the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties. These are:
- Atomicity: Transactions in OLTP systems are atomic, meaning they are treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. If any part of a transaction fails, the entire transaction is rolled back, so the database is left in its original state.
- Consistency: OLTP databases are designed to maintain data consistency, despite failures or errors. Every transaction changes tables in predefined and predictable ways, and the database will always be in a valid state.
- Isolation: Transactions in OLTP systems are isolated from each other. This means that when multiple users read and write data simultaneously, they are executed independently. Isolation ensures that the changes made by one transaction do not interfere with the changes made by others. It keeps the database in a consistent state.
- Durability: When a transaction is successfully executed in an OLTP database, the changes to the data are permanent and will survive any subsequent failures or errors, like system crashes or power outages.
4. Support for simple transactions
OLTP systems support specific applications or business processes like order entry, order processing, inventory management, or customer service, which is a crucial step in managing daily transactions effectively. They are typically not used for complex queries, data analysis, or reporting tasks.
OLTP transactions are typically short and simple. They include inserting, updating, and deleting data, along with simple queries and basic data retrieval tasks.
OLTP vs OLAP
OLTP is used for rapidly executing online database transactions. Data teams use another type of database, called OLAP (Online Analytical Processing), for data analytics and business intelligence.
OLAP databases enable data scientists to aggregate, manipulate, and analyze data from various perspectives. It allows them to run complex queries on large amounts of data.
OLAP drives data analysis and helps analysts identify patterns, understand trends, and generate reports. They can garner data-driven insights to improve business operations.
OLTP and OLAP are complementary database architectures that serve different purposes.
Typically, OLAP systems integrate data from many sources, including applications and transaction data stored in OLTP databases. They store source data in a centralized repository like a cloud data warehouse and represent this data in different dimensions using an OLAP cube.
This cube enables data engineers to perform analytical operations to aggregate data and gain insights.
Here’s a simple table to help you understand the key differences of OLTP vs OLAP:
Database systems for OLTP
OLTP uses two main types of databases to process workloads:
- Relational databases: Relational databases are the most widely used database systems for OLTP applications. They are designed to store data in tables, with each table representing a specific entity or relationship. Relational databases provide robust support for transaction processing and data consistency. Since the modern data stack requires scalable, flexible, and cost-effective systems, businesses are turning to cloud-based OLTP solutions like a cloud data warehouse.
- NoSQL databases: NoSQL databases are used to manage large volumes of unstructured or semi-structured data. They are often used in high-velocity data processing environments, where the volume and complexity of data are constantly increasing. NoSQL databases do not use a fixed schema. Instead, they use a flexible data model that can adapt to changing data structures. NoSQL databases offer high scalability, flexibility, and performance, making them a viable option for modern data-driven applications. However, they may require more complex data modeling and query languages than standard relational databases.
Popular OLTP databases
OLTP requires a relational database management system (RDBMS) to store and modify data. Here are five popular RDBMS tools that are used by data teams.
1. MySQL
MySQL is a well-known RDBMS that is used to manage structured data. It is known for its performance, scalability, availability, and ease of use.
It supports many transactional features, such as locking and row-level concurrency control, that are critical for ensuring data consistency and reliability in OLTP applications.
MySQL provides several features for managing OLTP workloads, including:
- MySQL Query optimization
- Replication
- Automatic failover
- Monitoring and management
MySQL has both open-source and commercial versions. Data engineers can integrate third-party applications and databases with MySQL using connectors and APIs.
2. PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL is a highly flexible and customizable database system well-suited for OLTP workloads. It is used to manage structured data in high-volume transactional environments.
Key features of PostgreSQL for OLTP workloads include:
- MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control)
- Locking mechanisms
- Replication
- High availability
- Indexing
- Partitioning
MVCC is an important feature that allows multiple transactions to access the same data at the same time without blocking each other. This improves performance in OLTP environments.
PostgreSQL integrates with many third-party platforms.
3. Microsoft SQL Server
Microsoft SQL Server is used to store, manage, and retrieve structured data. It is a comprehensive database platform that supports OLTP, data warehousing, and company intelligence workloads.
It is a popular choice for OLTP systems because of features like:
- Query optimization via tools like Query Optimizer and Database Engine Tuning Advisor
- Support for in-memory OLTP
- Transact-SQL (T-SQL)
- Always On Availability Groups
- Disaster recovery
- Indexing
- Cloud integration
Microsoft SQL Server is commonly used in enterprise-level applications, such as business intelligence, e-commerce, and financial services.
4. Oracle Database
Oracle Database is a robust and reliable RDBMS used for OLTP workloads. Notable features include:
- Horizontal and vertical scaling
- Indexing
- Query optimization via tools like the Cost-Based Optimizer
- Real Application Clusters (RAC)
- In-memory database
Oracle Database is a comprehensive platform that can support various use cases, from OLTP to advanced analytics.
5. MongoDB
MongoDB is an open-source NoSQL database designed to handle unstructured and semi-structured data.
Its document-oriented model allows it to handle transactions effectively, making it a good choice for OLTP solutions. It provides features such as:
- Indexing
- Replication
- Transactions
- Automatic failover
- Aggregation and data processing
- Schema flexibility
Many modern, cloud-based applications use MongoDB because of its flexibility, scalability, and availability.
OLTP use cases
Online transaction processing systems are used in applications where the primary goal is to manage and process many transactions in real time. Explore the myriad applications of OLTP technology in various industries and business processes. From e-commerce to banking and beyond, discover how OLTP revolutionizes transaction processing.
- E-commerce systems: E-commerce applications use OLTP to manage customer orders, payments, and inventory in real time. This allows them to provide exceptional customer service, boost customer loyalty, and drive growth. For example, an OLTP database can help maintain up-to-date and accurate inventory data, allowing e-commerce companies to fulfill orders promptly and can also address inquiries via contact center AI to elevate customer service.
- Banking and financial services: Banks and other financial services use OLTP to process financial transactions in real-time, manage customer data, and enable customers to make deposits, withdraw money, transfer funds, and access other services quickly. OLTP solutions for financial transaction systems, like online banking, must have secure and reliable data management practices, multi-currency support, and custom reporting options. ATMs are the most common example of an OLTP system used in the financial industry.
- Reservation systems: OLTP drives online reservation systems in the travel and hospitality industry. It is used in applications that manage travel reservations, including bookings, flights, payments, and related services. An online transaction processing system in the travel and hospitality industry must integrate with external systems, like airline reservation or car rental applications, and have multi-language and multi-currency support. OLTP also enables efficient customer data management and helps provide personalized recommendations that create seamless experiences for travelers.
- Customer relationship management (CRM): Customer relationship management (CRM) platforms use OLTP to manage customer data, interactions, and transactions. An OLTP system can centralize customer data and record interactions across multiple channels, like phone calls, emails, and chat messages. OLTP helps CRM applications automate many sales and marketing processes, including lead generation and campaign management, so companies can focus on nurturing customer relationships and increasing sales.
Pros & Cons of OLTP Databases
Pros
- Speed - OLTP databases are made for rapid processing of queries and fast transactions of data.
- Data Integrity - OLTP with the help of ACID properties, maintains a high data accuracy and reliability.
- Real-time Processing - Supports real-time updates, essential for applications like banking and retail.
Cons
- Limited analytical capabilities - One of the major problems with OLTP databases is their analytical capabilities, as they are built mainly for fast transaction processing rather than data analysis.
- Scalability - It is not easy to scale with very huge datasets.
- Cost - OLTP databases need High-performance hardware or software, which can be pretty costly.
Designing an effective OLTP system
Uncover the intricacies of designing an effective OLTP system through a comprehensive exploration of best practices and strategies. Learn how to architect robust solutions capable of handling the complexities and demands of modern transaction processing environments.
There are three key factors to consider when building an OLTP solution:
Best practices for schema design
A schema outlines how data is organized in a relational database. In OLTP, the database schema is designed to process high data volumes. Here are some best practices when creating an OLTP schema:
- Normalization: Normalization involves breaking down a large table into smaller, more manageable tables to minimize data duplication. This ensures data consistency and helps maintain data integrity.
- Choose appropriate indexes: Indexing is a method used to provide quick access to database files. Indexed data can speed up query processing and improve performance. This involves identifying the most frequently used queries and creating indexes on the relevant columns.
- Use the correct keys: Keys are used to uniquely identify the rows in a table. They establish relationships between different tables and ensure that there are no duplicate rows in the database. There are three types of keys:
~Primary key
~Composite key
~Foreign key
Data engineers can use composite primary keys to enforce uniqueness, while foreign keys can enforce referential integrity and ensure that there are no orphaned records in the OLTP database. - Monitor and optimize: Regularly monitor and optimize the schema to ensure it meets performance metrics and can handle the required transaction volumes.
Scalability consideration
Scalability determines the OLTP system’s ability to handle increasing transaction volumes as the business grows. Factors that improve scalability are:
- Sharding (horizontal scaling): Horizontal scaling involves adding more servers or nodes to the database cluster to distribute the workload and improve performance. This can be achieved through database sharding. Sharding involves partitioning the data and distributing it across multiple servers, where each server in the cluster operates independently.
- Vertical scaling: Vertical scaling involves increasing the capacity of the hardware or infrastructure that the database is running on. This can include adding more memory, CPUs, or storage to the server.
- Cloud-based solutions: Cloud-based solutions, such as Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database, and Google Cloud SQL, are scalable and highly available OLTP databases that don’t need infrastructure maintenance.
Data replication, caching, and load balancing are also used to scale OLTP database systems.
Transaction and concurrency management
Transaction and concurrency management are critical components of OLTP solutions. They ensure database consistency and prevent conflicts between multiple users accessing and modifying data.
ACID compliance is the first consideration for transaction management in OLTP. Here are three other crucial mechanisms:
- Locking: Locking is a technique that ensures that multiple transactions do not access the same data simultaneously. Locks can be implemented at the database or table level. They can be either shared or exclusive. Shared locks allow multiple transactions to read the same data at the same time, while exclusive locks prevent other transactions from accessing the data until the lock is released.
- Isolation level: An isolation level defines how transactions interact and how they see changes made by other transactions. Most OLTP systems offer four different isolation levels - Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, and Serializable. Implementing the correct isolation level depends on the application’s requirements and balancing data consistency and performance.
- Deadlock handling: Deadlocks occur when two or more transactions are waiting for each other to release locked resources and cannot proceed. Deadlock prevention techniques, like timeout mechanisms and prioritizing transactions, are used to detect and resolve deadlocks before they occur.
How to query the OLTP database?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is the most commonly used language for querying an OLTP database. The process of querying involves connecting to the database with the help of a client application, writing an SQL query to retrieve specific data, and finally executing the query. After the query is executed, the database management system processes it, accesses the relevant data, and returns the results in real time to the user.
Query example to add a new customer
INSERT INTO Customers (first_name, last_name, email, phone)
VALUES ('John', 'Doe', 'john.doe@example.com', '123-456-7890');
Conclusion
OLTP drives the daily operations of most modern businesses.
An efficient, highly available, and scalable OLTP system enables the real-time and accurate processing of transactions. This is crucial for increasing efficiency and boosting customer satisfaction.
Data engineers can combine the power of OLTP and OLAP systems to create a cohesive data ecosystem. OLTP facilitates the rapid execution of online database transactions, while OLAP systems enable business analysts to perform complex data analytics and data mining.
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